Pheasant hunting is big business in South Dakota in terms of license revenues, direct spending and spinoff spending, and the annual fall season makes up a significant portion of the state’s overall $1.3 billion outdoors industry.

State wildlife and tourism officials for years have promoted the state’s pheasant-hunting industry to hunters, particularly non-residents who want easy success when hunting the birds that can be elusive in other states. State officials say the controversial Nest Predator Bounty Program, in which adults and children are paid to trap and kill animals that prey on pheasant and duck nests, is one way to boost bird populations even though there is no scientific evidence to support that claim.

In a state report using data from 2016, pheasant hunting accounted for $287 million in direct spending in the state that year, 60% of that, or $175 million, from non-resident hunters.

State officials remain bullish on the industry, using the “2021 Ringneck Outlook,” subtitled “Hunt the greatest in South Dakota,” to promote the 2020 season as “spectacular” and “incredible” and assuring hunters the 2021 season from Oct. 16 to Jan. 31 will be even better.

South Dakota did see a slight jump in hunters and birds taken during the pandemic-influenced 2020 hunting season, when indoor activities were curtailed. Last year was when the state increased the length of its pheasant hunting season from 79 days to 107 days. 

But the pheasant industry in South Dakota has been on a steady decline in recent years in terms of in-state and non-resident hunting licenses sold and birds harvested.

Over the past three decades, the year 2007 stands out as a peak year for estimated pheasant population, number of licensed hunters and birds harvested, according to GFP data. That year, the estimated pheasant population was 11.9 million. About 2.1 million birds were harvested and more than 180,000 licenses were sold (roughly 103,000 non-resident and 78,000 resident.)

But over the past decade, state data have shown a decline in birds and hunters, and the state’s reputation as the pheasant-hunting capital of America has taken a hit.

In 2010, the state licensed 173,000 hunters who took 1.65 million pheasants from an estimated statewide population of 9.8 million birds. In 2019, before the season extension, about 111,000 licensed hunters harvested 829,500 birds. In 2018 the state ended its annual roadside pheasant count that resulted in population estimates; that year, the count showed a population of 7.1 million birds.

The largest and most worrisome decline has been in the number of non-resident hunters, who purchased 38% fewer licenses in 2019 compared with 2010, in a trend state officials are eager to reverse.

Even though the state has no scientific data to support the claim, it promotes the predator-bounty program on the “ringneck outlook” webpage by claiming that “local duck and pheasant nest success has been positively influenced.”

South Dakota has seen its pheasant population fall steadily in recent years, suffering lower brood counts resulting mainly from poor weather and reduced habitat for the birds.

A main provider of wildlife habitat in the state is the federal Conservation Reserve Program, which pays an annual fee to landowners, mostly farmers, who agree to halt production or development of part of their land to protect soil and water and create wildlife habitat.

South Dakota had nearly 1.8 million acres protected under CRP in 1994. Twenty years later, in 2014, CRP acreage in the state had fallen to 930,000; it has since rebounded to about 1.1 million acres in 2019.